Natural Water

Cleaning Water Using Magnetic Technology

Over the last many decades, the condition of rivers, lakes and springs of fresh water throughout much of the world has deteriorated.

Many years ago, water from natural sources could be used for drinking, irrigation, everyday use and fish-breeding. Today, many rivers and lakes have become polluted by sewage and industrial waste.

One of the main issues for the world at this time is finding a solution to the problem of supplying people in cities and in their homes and on farms with clean water.

Many projects have been undertaken around the world to clean the waters of rivers, lakes and lagoons. Many of these proposals give positive results.

However Omni Environmental Technology presents a very unusual method that cleans and gives "life" to natural water; that is the use of magnetic technologies.

We hope that you are familiar with the physical, chemical and biological changes that occur in water after magnetic treatment.

Based on knowledge accumulated over many years, scientists from our company have carried out scientific and practical work, which involves the magnetic treatment of natural water.

The most interesting works we have been involved in are:

• the cleaning of rivers
• the cleaning of lakes
• the cleaning of salt water lagoons
• neutralizing hydrogen sulphide in some parts of the Black Sea
• the use of magnetic generators to influence a change in the atmospheric electricity balance with further formation of rain clouds and, then, rain! This is very important in those dry regions of the world where atmospheric conditions are suitable for applications of the techniques.

Following are some examples of the use of Magnetic Technologies for the treatment of water with some laboratory results.

Magnetic treatment of rivers

A hydro-magnetic system, the first of its kind, was made by the scientists in "Magnetic Technologies" company, and installed in the Sochi river near the city of Sochi on the shores of the Black Sea in western Russia.

This hydro-magnetic system is a hydro-technical structure installed in the river and is described as "a running/flowing type" of magnetic water treatment plant.

Observations

Within a few hours of the hydro-magnetic system commencing in the Sochi River, the scientists, as well as thousands of other people who had come to see this experiment, witnessed unique changes.

One of the problems for the people of Sochi was that for many years, there had been hardly any fish in their river due to the high levels of pollution.

One change observed by the scientists, and the thousands of spectators, was that shoals of fish could be seen swimming from the direction of the sea towards the water that had flowed through the magnetic system.

Within just a few hours, there were so many fish in the river, it was impossible to see the bottom even though the depth of the river in that area is no more than 1.5 metres.

This phenomenal effect was made more impressive by the fact that in river water that had not been through the system no fish could be seen.

Another change was in the clearness of the water. Because magnetic water coagulates particles floating in the water causing them to sink to the bottom, the water becomes much clearer with visibility improving markedly.

These unique effects in the Sochi River lasted for several years and were seen by hundreds of thousands of locals and tourists, until, in 1997 flooding destroyed the system.

We have also seen the same effect while installing magnetic systems in lakes and sea lagoons.

Because of widespread interest in the hydro-magnetic system, in 1994 the company built a complex with a magnetic theme called "Magnetic Quay" and located it on the banks of the Sochi river.

This complex includes a "Magnetic Coffee Shop", and a gallery exhibiting magnetic devices. Company representatives are always available at "Magnetic Quay" to explain to tourists the everyday use of magnetic technologies.

Laboratory results

Analysis of water that had passed through the hydro-magnetic system on the Sochi River showed that particles in the water were smaller than in unmagnetised water. There were less larger particles and many more smaller particles. The Russian scientists concluded that: "Under the influence of magnetic field, some particles split and formed smaller structures, while some dissolved."

Diameter of Particles in the Water of Selected Russian Rivers Before and After Magnetic Treatment

Hydro-chemical composition of water from the Sochi River after magnetization

Analysis of water that had passed through the hydro-magnetic system on the Sochi River showed that the hydro-chemical composition of the river had changed under the influence of the magnetic field.

As can be seen from the above table the obvious changes were in the size and frequency of particles in the water. There was a decrease in these and in the following chemical properties by the figures shown:

1. Weighed particles: up to 6.3 mg/l
2. Magnesium: 2.6 mg/l
3. Chlorides: 9.3 mg/l
4. Sulphates: 9.4 mg/l
5. Hydro carbonates: 103.5 mg/l
6. Calcium: 3.4 mg/l
7. Ammonia ions (according to nitrogen): 0.007 mg/l
8. Nitrates (according to nitrogen): 0.25 mg/l
9. Phosphorus: 0.019 mg/l
10. Oil-products: 0.8 mg/l
11. Sodium and potassium: 7.4 mg/l

Oxygen content increased by 12 mg/l.

Magnetically treated water became transparent. The levels of bacteria decreased. For example, control water samples contained bacteria levels of 236660, but after magnetic treatment, it decreased to 730!

Therefore, magnetic hydro-magnetic systems can be used as, so-called, filters for cleaning of small and large rivers, lakes, lagoons and artificial water systems.

Magnetic treatment of lakes

Magnetic treatment of lakes that have running/flowing structure will be more effective if magnetic systems are installed in a mouth of a river or a spring that flow into the lake. However, in some cases, these rivers or springs are too small or non-existent. For example, this can be seen in lakes and artificial reservoirs in the cities (parks, health resorts, etc.). In this case, we use water circulation systems or install magnetic fountains. Installation of magnetic fountains is much more appealing because, in this case, we obtain more advantages, such as:

• Cleaning and providing "life" for lakes
• Aeration of water
• Cleaning of atmospheric air

All these changes result in the overall change of lake condition.

Magnetic fountain

Magnetic fountain in Sharjah, UAE

Before installation of the magnetic system in Sharjah, UAE, the height of the fountain was 82 meters but after the installation, the fountain rose up to 98 meters.

Magnetic system used in the Sharjah fountain

Installation of the magnetic system does not interfere with the existing technical construction, but is instead installed as a cover/"hat" in front of the water filter.

The magnetic system provides the following advantages:

1. Increase of power coefficient of engine output, which occurs due to the increase of water's fluidity and sorting out of clusters. This results in the increase of a fountain's height by 15-20%.
2. Magnetic water, which flows into the water-pipes and water pumps, destroys incrustation (salt deposition) in these systems and prevents its future formation.
3. Water changes its physical, chemical and biological properties, that can be seen very clearly if we are to compare lab result of before and after installation of magnetic systems. Also, water becomes visually transparent and its flora increases. These changes are due to a large decrease of pathogenic bacteria in the water and coagulation of weighed particles and other various chemical compounds (their deposition on the lake's bottom).

Picture on the right shows The Embankment, Sochi, Russia

Magnetic water is very popular among inhabitants and guests of Sochi, Russia. In non-magnetized water, dissolved particles do not settle down - the reason why the water is dirty. This fact is conducive to increase the amount of bacteria. In magnetic water all dissolved particles and salts settle down very quickly and the water becomes clean, biologically active and all pathogenic bacteria is destroyed.

Choosing a Magnetic System

Fountains

The most suitable place for installation of magnetic systems to the running fountain is the water pipeline.

Therefore, the choice of a magnetic system depends on the diameter of water pipe-line that supplies water to the pump.

Lakes

While choosing a magnetic system, attention should be paid to the size of the lake and technical possibilities (water pump's capacity and diameter of pump's connecting water-pipes).

On large lakes, It is best to install several cascades of pumps, which are equipped with magnetic systems.

Sewage Water

The IT design provides for installation of a slot magnetic system at IT entrance (Fig. 4).

The following benefits can be secured:

• the rate of solid sedimentation accelerates by 1.5-2 times,
• collection of fine fractions improves by an average of 20%,
• dissolved solids in the clarified water decrease by 15-25%,
• biological oxygen demand goes down by 10-15%,
• sludge digestion time reduces by 30%,
• the probability of blocking the tank filter drops nearly two-fold.

Mechanism of Magnetic Field Impact on Water Dispersed Systems

Alterations of physical and chemical properties of water-dispersed systems in the mode of magnetic treatment imply a certain influence of magnetic field on the structure of water and aqueous solutions alike. Hydration of salt ions and other impurities slides down and improves technological characteristics of the water treated by magnetic field, i.e. better salt solubility, kinetic changes in salt crystallization, accelerated coagulation, etc. Water structural modifications induced by magnetic treatment have been endorsed by a many-year research of different scientific societies in Russia, United States, Belgium, Canada and others.

The research has revealed the evidence that all structural changes of water dispersed systems treated by magnetic field have to do with the ions of substances present in the water, colloidal particles of considerable magnetic susceptibility and water changes, to boot.

One can get the smattering of magnetic field effects on water dispersed systems to a certain extent, if proceed from the theory that links structural changes of water dispersed systems to ion formation. According to this theory, the magnetic field affects the ions making their way through it and brings about the Lorentz forces, which can be calculated by way of the following equation:

F = K · q · v · H · sin a, (1)

given that,
K - coefficient of proportionality;
q - ion charge;
v - ion velocity;
H - magnetic field strength;
a - angle of magnetic field direction with the ion flow.

The equation (1) shows that the Lorentz forces intensify with the growth of ion charge, magnetic field strength, flow velocity and perpendicularity of ions crossing magnetic field lines. The Lorentz forces act on positively and negatively charged ions (cations and anions) and make them diverge in opposite directions.

It is known that magnetic field energy E per volume unit can be described in the following manner:

E = µ H ² / 2, (2)

given that,
µ - magnetic susceptibility of the medium.

For ions of short radius (Ca ⁺, Mg ⁺, Li, etc.) Δ E is greater than 0. This is in conformity with the adhesion pattern of closest molecules (positive hydration). Ions of long radius (Cs, K, Cl, Br, etc.) have 
Δ E < 0 (negative hydration). Water molecules prove to be more mobile when next to such ions. Therefore, on falling into the water the ion is hydrated and alters the translation motion of the nearest water molecule.

Impurity ions may be a part of translation travel independent of solution molecules and in their presence. Translation movement is a galloping motion of particles. A change of translation motion in the liquid corresponds to a change of mean number of local discharges in the liquid. This will lead to a shift in liquid alkalinity.

Fig. 1 shows a typical graph of (ΔV' - ΔV)/ΔV - ion concentration (CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2) with ΔV' being density of aqueous solution in the mode of magnetic treatment and ΔV - same for usual water.

As is seen, (ΔV'-ΔV)/ΔV rises as the ion concentration increases. However, from 30 mg-eqv./l onwards the growth of (ΔV- ΔV)/ΔV as a concentration fraction retards.

Fig. 1. Relation between (V' - V)/V and ion concentration of CaCl2 (1), KC1 (2) and MgCl2 (3).

When making the treatment of water dispersed systems by outward magnetic field, precession of individual electron shells and polarization of electron clouds in molecules occurs. So, the latter gains induced magnetic moment anti-parallel to outside magnetic field. Against the backdrop of these developments, the energy of hydrogen bonding undergoes changes. The bonds are "bent" and partially broken which causes re-alignment of molecules and, therefore, alterations of water structure. This also brings about changes in density, surface tension, viscosity and other water properties when treated by magnetic field.

Polarization of electron clouds intensifies as the strength of magnetic field outside grows. At the same time, deformations in hydrogen bonds go up with a larger amount of molecules, which have shifted from the equilibrium state in the lattice points out to fill the voids. As a result, the density of water builds up.

Naturally, the magnetic field deforms, first and foremost, weaker and "long" bonds.

A relative number of strong bonds between water molecules increase. The kinetic energy of water molecule oscillations near temporary equilibrium at magnetic treatment does not change (constant temperature). A rise in the relative amount of strong bonds between molecules causes reduction of ionic water product. However, the structure formed during motion in magnetic field cannot be stable. On exiting the scope of magnetic field, this structure tends to regain its former condition that shows a minimum of energy and a maximum of hydrogen bonds between molecules in specific environment.

Distillated water has equal molecules and, consequently, observed differences of physical properties prior to and following magnetic treatment are quite insignificant and depend weakly OJH the magnetic field strength. Adding salts and rising charged ions upsets the water structure to a greater extent as the solution concentration thickens. In this case, the cation force fields pull the electron pairs away from the nearest water molecule oxygen, which results in an additional layer of eight electrons around the cations. In other words, free electric levels in the cations are filled making the latter more or less bonded with water molecules, which reside next to the ion (close hydration). The structure of water molecules is tampered with not only in the adjacent layers but also in those next to the hydrated ion owing to polarization.

Water structure changes set off by addition of dissolved substances (impurities) can be of different degree and are dependent upon the value and nature of charge distribution in ions (particles), their sizes, configuration and other reasons. Impurities enter the voids of the water hexagonal cage with stabilizing or destroying effects subject to the size of additives. That is why both the structure and properties of water dispersed systems hinge upon the nature of dispersed phase, concentration, temperature, etc.

When magnetic field is applied from outside, water dispersed systems have precession of individual shells of the particles present in the water. It also initiates polarization of electron clouds in water molecules. However, unlike pure water with nearly same precession in identical atoms because of equality of all molecules, identical atoms do not precede at the same interval in solutions. This is caused by diversified polarization of molecules by ion electric fields. There is also a different shift of electric shells of water molecules that envelop the ions.

By varying the density of electron clouds of both ions and water molecules, magnetic field alters the structure of water dispersed systems, interaction energy between ions and water molecules around the ions, close hydration and molecular polarization in the layers abutting on the ions (remote hydration). By and large, magnetic field changes the structure of water-dispersed system to a certain degree.

Hence it follows that outward magnetic field has a particular impact on the ion hydration. The latter is the major factor that determines the condition of phase separation boundaries and structural transformations in a water dispersed system.

Magnetic field is known to create the asymmetry of hydrated shells due to its effects on water molecules situated around the ion (near and far). Likewise, magnetic field weakens the bonds between certain ions with subsequent bonding amplification of others. These changes result in conditions for ionic associates or crystal embryos. The reversal of magnetic flux and, consequently, modified direction of ion movements greatly facilitate the formation of ion pairs and more sophisticated aggregates. This can be attributed to a higher probability of attracting particles to close with one another.

The theory of magnetic field impact on technological processes for water treatment falls into two main chapters: crystallization at magnetic water preparation and impurity coagulation in water systems.

Crystallization is the formation of crystals when a substance enters a transition phase from less stable thermodynamic state into more steadfast condition.

Equal chemical potentials are the principal consideration for thermodynamic phase equilibrium:

xk = xc, (3)
where,
xk - substance potential in crystalline condition;
xc - same substance potential in solution.

Equilibrium departure is the thermodynamic driving force of crystallization. When xc - xk > 0, there is a crystal formation and growth. For xc - xk < 0, decrystallization occurs.

A number of crystalline aggregates formed per unit of volume/time shall be computed with the following equation:

given that,
∏- density of atoms in a crystal;
∏₃- a number of particles in embryo's surface layer;

Z - probability of adding one particle to the crystal embryo per unit of time;
n - a number of particles in embryo's surface layer;
A - height of potential barrier to be cleared by the system for formation of viable embryo;
K - Boltzmann's constant;
T - absolute temperature.

For spherical embryo:

given that,
Ω- specific volume per one particle in a crystal;
α- specific free energy of separation surface.

Solution supersaturation is a prerequisite for crystallization. A crystallization embryo is the outcome of phase transformations.

The following requirements are to be matched to secure spontaneous crystallization in a supersaturated solution:
1. Local enhanced concentration of substance molecules or ions with little kinetic energy.
2. The order of molecules or ions in compliance with their positions in the crystal lattice of a crystallized substance.

Given appropriate conditions, it may be expected that molecules or ions clash and set up short chains or flat molecular layers. Once the attractive force exceeds the one of repulsion, a crystal embryo is generated as an elementary particle of solids. The stability of a particle is directly related to its size. For the size in excess of the critical one, the expenditure of energy for the particle to grow would be at the lowest and in the process of constant enlargement. In case of the size less than the critical dimensions, destruction is most likely to take place. As a rule, the following pattern is observed: the more supersaturation, the less activity involved in generation of a critical embryo, the smaller embryo size and faster rates of formation. The speed of embryo birth is an exponential function of supersaturation degree, which vanishes at:

The crystallization rate is positively affected by exposure to microgroups of a new phase, which accelerate their growth to the size of stable embryos. The embryo birth and crystallization degree also depend on electric interaction between particles when the work required for embryo formation can be significantly reduced.

Magnetic field causes formation of crystal microembryos in supersaturated aqueous solutions and, therefore, influences immensely the nature of crystallization. In this particular case, the embryos are more plentiful in number and are of smaller sizes than those in the solutions untreated by magnetic field. Furthermore, magnetic field will shorten a magnetic period of crystallization and will allow for an earlier isolation of solid phase. These changes are predominantly linked to the direct impact of magnetic field on impurity ions. The forces acting on the ions of unlike charges are opposite in direction and will induce opposite ion motions when the aqueous solution is in transit of magnetic field.

The radius of ion movement around the force lines of magnetic field is subject to the ion weight and the Lorentz force. At the same time, the radius of ion orbit is dependent upon the magnetic field strength and the velocity of water solution passing through it.

In some cases, the radius is small enough to set off ion fluctuation. For instance, at the magnetic field strength H = 80 kA/m and the flow rate 1-3 m/s the circumference radius of calcium and sulphate ions are ~0/17 and ~0.04 mcm, respectively.

Despite negligible action of the Lorentz force, there is quite a considerable change in the nature of ion movement whereas the fluctuation of ion concentration caused by the latter is fairly noticeable. The distribution of ion concentration along the cross-section of the flow perpendicular to magnetic force lines can be defined by the equation:

given that,
C - concentration of ions;
σ- electric conductivity of solution;
Bo - magnetic field induction;
k - constant;
- mean velocity of solution movement;
Ha - Hartman number;

η- viscosity of solution;
z - coordinate of the field direction;
a - flow half-width.

The edges of magnetic field present the highest probability for ion associations. It happens due to severe nonuniformity of magnetic field in its marginal areas, which favours the wave formation and the travel of ions in the direction of wave propagation. In the meantime, there will be electric field oscillations in the boundary conjugates that are likely to lead to additional fluctuations of ion concentration.

Direct effects of magnetic field on impurity ions in the water cause changes in the structure of the water system proper.

In particular, magnetic field facilitates an activation hurdle and makes it easier to yield calcium hexaqua complexes [Ca(OH2O)5]2+ and large meta-stable complexes {[Ca(H20)5]20H20}2+.

Stabilization of clustered water structures by a calcium hexaqua complex with application of magnetic field promotes the formation of extra crystallization centres in the water. Short of hexaqua complex instability, its existence is rather long. The degree of order of water structures influenced by magnetic field reduces remote ion hydration and, hence, has a favourable impact on adsorption, coagulation, etc.

Coagulation may proceed much faster if there is a hard surface in the solution since the energy required for crystal growth is much less than that needed for the birth of embryo in the solution. Crystallization takes place on the crystal surface of any given or isomorphous substance as long as the surface is capable of adsorbing the molecules or ions present in the solution. Initially, there is an adsorptive layer, which gradually builds up and, ultimately, turns into a layer of the crystalline substance.

Silica particles (for readily soluble salts) and ferrous compounds, which occur in the water as colloids are used to seed crystallization in the water when magnetic treatment is applied. Colloidal'particles of ferromagnetic iron oxides, such as magnetites, present in the water may coagulate by the action of both magnetic attraction and pandemotor forces that speed up mutual attraction of the particles. Newly bom particles of the size in excess of crystal particles will adsorb molecules or ions from the solution and serve as a basis for crystallization.

Colloidal centers may be activated by magnetic field with subsequent effects on the growth kinetics of hardness salt crystals. It has been found now that this phenomenon is a polyextreme function of magnetic field strength and an extreme function of water flow rate. Besides, it has also been established that after magnetic treatment of calcium bicarbonate solution, the formation of crystallization centers is more active than under usual crystallization conditions.

Coagulation is the adherence of particles to one another in dispersed systems and, especially, colloidal dispersion. This process reduces particles of a dispersed system and increases their weight. Coagulation happens under the action of molecular forces on collision of particles as a result of Brownian motion or some exterior factors. Coagulation may proceed in the form of aggregates shaped by particle coalescence and aggregate flake-like sedimentation or gel, a solid coagulation structure. The rate of coagulation may be calculated by the equation:

dn / dt = K · n2, (8)
given that,
n - a number of particles per volume unit;
K - coagulation constant.

The coagulation constant of spherical particles of various values is defined by the formula:

given that,
r1, r2 - radius of coagulating particles;
A - number factor depending on the properties of particle surface;
L - length of particle's free run;
k - Boltzmann's constant;
T - absolute temperature.

The equation analysis shows that K grows significantly as the particle radius ratio goes up. This is why the particles vanish rapidly in heavily polydispersed medium.

The coalescence of particles suspended in the water hinges upon the rate of hydration and the value ofelectrokinetic potential on the surface of particles.

The coagulation of particles depends immensely on the wetting changes of their hard surface, which are caused by magnetic field.

Magnetic treatment of water affects its wetting capacity of solid surfaces owing to changed interaction patterns of water molecules as it has been mentioned before. This "pushes" the water molecules off the surface. The benefits of water magnetic treatment are also attributive to altered adsorption of individual ions on the surface. Therefore, the surface charge undergoes changes too.

Improved wetting of hard surfaces after magnetic treatment of water enhances coagulation of suspended particles and increases aggregate instability of suspensions.

The findings of amplified aggregate suspension instability resulted from magnetic treatment are in perfect harmony with the data on adhesion enhancement of solid particles in condensed systems (sediments).

The formation of easy-to-precipitate floes with developed surfaces within the shortest possible time is of special interest to the water treatment practice. Such flakes ensure quick separation of heterogeneous systems. One of the commonly used technological methods to intensify the coagulation for water treatment is injection of chemical agents such as active silicic acid into the clarified water. However, in many cases it entails considerable consumption of the reactant. At the same time, the coagulant activity may be remarkably strengthened when treating the water solution of coagulant by magnetic field. In this case, it can be inferred from the mechanism of magnetic field impact on aqueous solutions that ionic salt associations are raised in the coagulant solution due to weakened ion hydration and some other factors caused by the positioning of outside magnetic field. Ionic associates existing in the aqueous solution may work as coagulation centres.

Ferromagnetic particles (iron ions) always present in different numbers in the treated water can have a certain influence on crystallization during magnetic water treatment. The research has shown that during magnetic treatment of water, aggregation of ferromagnetic particles emerges and accelerates the crystallization. In addition, the agglomerates of ferromagnetic particles get a coating of calcium carbonate, which can also become a crystallization centre.

Any method of water treatment pursues the general object of isolating insoluble contaminants through coalescence and fusion. The sedimentation of species is regarded as a mass process that changes in time.

Qualitative and quantitative indicators of sedimentation are greatly determined by the process kinetics, which imply the nature of velocity changes and the mechanism for separation of particles in time.

With a considerably lengthy sedimentation time, the separation zones do not vanish completely. This can be attributed to statistical factors and, primarily, collisions of particles, flow discontinuity along them, etc. Hence, the pattern for fraction distribution of various density is of statistical nature.

Wastewater is a relatively rough suspension, which contains fine and colloidal species. The water contains dissolved electrolytes and, therefore, suspended fine particles carry same electric charges that repel one another, Fine colloidal particles suspended in the water are on the constant move and resemble the Brownian motion.

Several zones emerge some time later following the start of solid sedimentation in the wastewater (Fig. 2).

The lower part has the sediments of large particles that settle in the first place at the highest rate of precipitation.

Zone 4 houses a stratum of thickened sediments with particles situated at the closest range to one another, which stops any further sedimentation. The pressure of the above-lying strata continuously compresses this section. It should be noted that part of water is gradually squeezed upwards, which makes it possible to consolidate the given layer.

Zone 3 is a transition sector. Here the particles are steadily thickened in a downward direction. Zone 2 has the water with fine-dispersed suspensions. This water is very similar to the source wastewater in terms of composition without large species, which have settled before. Finally, Zone 1 contains clarified water.

According to the above-mentioned information, compounds and ions present in the water have certain magnetic properties characterized by magnetic susceptibility that defines the capacity of ions and compounds to change their magnetic moment once magnetic field is applied from outside. Augmentation of magnetic susceptibility will enhance the magnetization of particles, induced moment and will, ultimately, better interaction between the particles. Such a process intensifies the coagulation of particles in Zone 3, which will consequently consolidate the species in Zone 4 and press additional clarified water out to Zone 1.

Operational experience of magnetic systems at various sewage plants has shown that the quantity of quickly settling particles (Im/s and above) during magnetic treatment nearly doubles. Likewise, the concentration of sediments in the suspended layer advances by 1.2-1.5 times. This will allow the convenience of increasing the capacity of sewage facilities.

2. Feasibility Studies for Adaptation of Magnetic Technologies at
IndahWater Pilot Plants in Malaysia

According to the information submitted by IndahWater, it is understood that all Malaysian sewage plants fall into 4 categories:

1. Communal Septic Tanks (CST).
2. Imhoff Tanks (IT).
3. Oxidation Ponds with Pump Station (OPPS).
4. Extended Aeration Plants (EA).

Based on the available papers, it can be concluded that the diversity of sewage plants in Malaysia calls for individual technical solutions to customize and adapt magnetic systems to the existing facilities.

2.1. Communal Septic Tank

CST is a two-chamber settler with horizontal hydraulic flow. In the first chamber solids from the incoming sewage settle to the bottom and form a "sludge blanket". This necessitates magnetic treatment of the sewage water as early as at the first stage. The magnetic application will intensify the separation process of a heterogeneous system such as the wastewater. The partially clarified sewage proceeds to the second chamber for further sedimentation where it also should be exposed to magnetic treatment. This will facilitate coalescence and flocculation of the particles present in the water and will shorten the formation period of large flakes, which precipitate with ease. Finally, dissolved solids will also settle due to accelerated crystallization.

Thus, the magnetic techniques will secure a higher purity treatment of the wastewater, which will inevitably lower both the biological oxygen demand and total dissolved solids by 50-60% and 35-40%, respectively.

However, installation of magnetic systems online at the inlet to the CST is not expedient, for the sewage water entering the CST does not go through mechanical treatment. Therefore, it will be necessary to frequently remove the systems for cleaning, which will considerably push up the operational expenses and depreciate the operational safety of the CST. In the light of these challenges, the following options are the most acceptable for magnetic treatment of the incoming CST wastewater:

1. Installation of magnetic systems on the centralized water supply pipeline inlet of a residential house to treat the flow in passing (Fig. 3).
2. Installation of strap-on magnetic systems on the sewage outlet pipe of every residential house (Fig. 3).

Implementation of the first scheme will produce the results that are presented below:

there is a 28-60% reduction of the suspended solids in the water on the CST outlet.

Almost the same advantages except for the first three will be obtained when carrying out the activities related to the second option.

To sum up, the first choice is the most attractive one for a complex approach towards the sewage problem.

Fig. 3

The following benefits can be secured:

• the rate of solid sedimentation accelerates by 1.5-2 times,
• collection of fine fractions improves by an average of 20%,
• dissolved solids in the clarified water decrease by 15-25%,
• biological oxygen demand goes down by 10-15%,
• sludge digestion time reduces by 30%,
• the probability of blocking the tank filter drops nearly two-fold.
• 

2.3. Oxidation Pond with Pump Station

According to the charts attached to your technical papers, the sewage water undergoes mechanical treatment and then is pumped to the sedimentation cell via the Parshall flume. Partially clarified water moves to a system that comprises oxidation ponds to reduce the organic matter and pathogenic bacteria. However, the efficiency of such a pattern for wastewater treatment is essentially dependent upon climatic surroundings and weather conditions.

To lessen the dependency, it is necessary to diminish the organics that proceed with the water to the ponds. Towards this end, magnetic aeration of the water flow to the Parshall flume is required, on the one hand, and special magnetic field needs to be applied to the water flow passing through a narrow cross-section of the flume, on the other (Fig. 5).

Magnetic aeration of the water stream will substantially enhance floatation and once combined with magnetic treatment of the water in the flume will greatly improve the isolation of organic substances from the water in the sedimentation cell. The complex treatment is also likely to immensely reduce the pathogens in the ponds.

Any further reduction of the organic matter comes about in the first pond by way of aerobic fermentation. Fermentation is known to imply chemical reactions fuelled by certain microorganisms including bacteria with their vital role in the process. The bacteria affect impurities, which work as a nutritional medium. Synthesized bacteria sustain chemical reactions and serve as catalysts for them. Thus, the fermentation process is based on building a bacterial culture. The growth of bacteria slows down once the conditions turn unfavourable. One of the main reasons for growth inhibition or cessation is accumulation of toxic metabolic products or environmental changes. Magnetic treatment alters the water structure and, therefore, maintains best conditions for the removal of hydrogen sulphide and CO2 from the water. This will appreciably curtail the digestion time for the organic matter.

Heading from this, the suggested technical solution will secure the following results:

• the rate of solid sedimentation accelerates by 1.5-2 times,
• fermentation period oforganics dwindles roughly by 30%,
• dissolved solids in the water go down by an average of 20%,
• biological oxygen demand lowers by 10-15%,
• consolidation of sediments and the dry substance output advances by 5-6%,
• pathogens decline approximately by 10 times.

Application of magnetic technologies at oxidation ponds with pump stations makes it possible to increase the productive throughput by 40%.

2.4. Extended Aeration Plant

An extended aeration plant is a typical sewage facility to treat wastewater and consists of a primary treatment section, an aeration tank, a sludge-settling tank with sludge recirculation system, an aerobic digestion tank and a sludge holding tank.

To achieve the ultimate goal, i.e. reduction of dissolved solids in the treated sewage water as well as the biological oxygen demand, it is necessary to install magnetic systems at the following points (Fig. 6):

1. Before aeration tank

To intensify floatation through consolidation of air bubbles in the magnetic field with subsequent particle coalescence.

2. Before sludge settling tank

To additionally enhance destabilization of the water dispersed system, which will speed up flocculation and, therefore, almost halve the sedimentation time with a subsequent 5-6% increase in the dry matter output.

3. Before aerobic digestion tank

To quicken the growth of bacterial culture, which will shorten the fermentation time nearly by 1.4 times.

4. Before sludge holding tank

To intensify the phase separation or, namely, accelerate the sludge dewatering process.

Taking into account the above-mentioned improvements, complex installation of our systems will allow the convenience of the benefits as specified below:

• reduction of dissolved solids by 15-17%,
• a drop in the biological oxygen demand by 8-10%,
• an increase in the capacity by 30-65%.

The proposed adaptation of magnetic systems will entail one-time payment with no additional electricity expenses. Another important thing about the systems is that they are maintenance-free.

3. Magnetic Systems for Water Treatment at IndahWater Sewage Plants

A thorough analysis of the Malaysian sewage plants based on your engineering specifications has shown that the Communal Septic Tank is the hardest part for magnetic treatment of the wastewater for the reason of technical implementation. Nonetheless, a complex approach, as we have mentioned before, which includes installation of magnetic systems on the central water supply pipe of residential houses will make it possible to solve the main problem and will substantially extend the operational lifetime ofexisting pipelines.

Below is given an outer tracing of the three proposed magnetic devices. All the units for the aforesaid purpose will have a similar design with flanges, which can be made to fit the diameters at installation points (Fig. 7).

The table below includes the specification details of the three magnetic systems.

The detailed sketches of magnetic systems suggested for installation at the CST, Imhoff tank, oxidation pond and extended aeration plant are shown in Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11.

4. Warranty

Magnetic Technologies L.L.C. guarantees to provide full-service and necessary replacement of equipment due to technical faults for the duration of 18 months from the date of commissioning. The probability of trouble-free operation is 0.999973.

No side or negative effects are associated with magnetic treatment of water.

5. Monitoring System

Both parties should undertake operational efficiency monitoring of the systems according to the following procedure.
1. Make at least 20 tests of TDS (mg/l) and BOD (mg/1) at the discharge point of each sewage facility prior to installation of magnetic systems.
2. Define average values of the measured parameters.
3. Compile a joint report on the results obtained.
4. Follow Step 1 and Step 2 after installation of magnetic systems.
5. Compute the operational efficiency of magnetic systems by the formula:

E = (K₀- K_m) x 100% / K₀

given that,
E - operational efficiency of magnetic systems,
K_o - an average value of TDS or BOD before installation of magnetic systems,
K_m - an average value of TDS or BOD after installation of magnetic systems,
In case of significant fluctuations in weather conditions before and after installation of magnetic systems the formula-computed value shall be divided by the empirical factor of O.85.
6. File a joint evaluation report on operational efficiency of magnetic systems.

6. Offer for Installation of Magnetic Systems

6.1. Magnetic Systems for Residential Houses and Industrial Premises

6.2. Communal Septic Tank (PJA 006)

Details of equipment

1 (one) UT device (option 1) - necessary female flanges, nuts, bolts and brackets
1 (one) specially designed device (option 2)

Installation

 by your technical staff under combined supervision

Cost of equipment

AUD 20,000-25,000

6.3 Imhoff Tank (KLR 004)

Details of equipment

1 (one) special magnetic system - necessary fastening pieces

Installation

by your technical staff under combined supervision

Cost of equipment

AUD 35,000

6.4. Oxidation Pond (KLR 035)

Details of equipment

1 (one) special device with injector - necessary fastening pieces

Installation

by your technical staff under combined supervision

Cost of equipment

AUD 55,000

6.5 Extended Aeration Plant (HLT 034)

Details of equipment

4 (four) magnetic systems - necessary fastening pieces

Installation

by your technical staff under combined supervision

Cost of equipment

AUD 300,000

7. Conclusion

The technical proposal presented herein includes brief information on enhancement of natural and wastewater treatment and describes the mechanism of magnetic field effects on the condition of water dispersed systems. This will enable the customer to visualize near and long-term outlook.

A self-contained design of individual systems ensures highly reliable functioning with the trouble-free operation probability being 0.999973. The feasibility study for adaptation of magnetic systems and guaranteed designs serve as an indication of viability and capacity of the given proposal to make IndahWater the first major enterprise in Malaysia to capitalize on the latest magnetic technologies.

Our experience and expertise in implementation of similar projects is underpinned by efficient functioning of our systems at sewage plants in various regions of the erstwhile Soviet Union and by the results of experiments carried out at the sewage plants in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Cairo, Egypt. There is a multitude of sewage facilities in the C.I.S. that have availed themselves of magnetic systems. This is just to name

Magnetic Ion Shield

Dear Visitor,

Problem of increased content of positively charged ions in the atmosphere is one of the most acute ones practically in all big cities of the present-day world. The situation is especially critical in cities situated in desert, in Dubai and Abu Dhabi in particular. Increased amount of positively charged ions in the atmosphere is, first of all, exclusively dangerous for humans. Recurrent headaches, general weakness, irritability, hypertonia, diseases of heart and lungs are just a short list of illnesses, which are directly caused by ion misbalance in the atmosphere. This problem has been thoroughly studied by scientists of many countries and is well described in scientific and popular literature. Nowadays, various household air ionizators are widely introduced. However, it relieves the problem only partially.
In 1993 I personally designed the first in the world magnetic air-spray ion generator, which was fixed in the open area in a resort city Sochi in Russia.
Positive influence of such generator on human health and environment was deeply studied by scientists (see the report attached).
Indicated places for installing magnetic air-spray ion generators:

• Parks;
• Stadiums;
• Hotels;
• Golf clubs;
• Open areas of mass gathering of people;
• Large palaces;
• City squares;
• Sea, river and lake embankments;
• City lakes;

Magnetic air-spray generators can be used for advertising (see the page attached), etc. Installation of magnetic air-spray generators in this area will significantly change the ion balance within the radius of at least 500 meters from the place of installation. The air will become fresh, it will be saturated with oxygen and negatively charged particles, which is very beneficial for human health.
Along with ecological effect, working magnetic air-spray systems present an exclusively beautiful view. Billions of particles, glittering like diamonds, hovering in the air create an image of a sparkling cloud during day-time and usage of special light systems during night-time creates an iridescent effect, that will attract large crowds. In addition to that the whole area will be fresh and cool.
From the technical point of view, suggested project is exclusively simple and fast to perform. At the same time realization of the project will not require big investments.
Usage of such system, magnetic air-spray ion generator, will enable you to make one street of your choice, the "Rainbow Street". Dozens of rainbows will decorate this street and it will make your city unique and the most beautiful and unusual city.

Sincerely yours,
Prof. Yuri Tkachenko

MAGNETIC AIR-SPRAY ION GENERATORS' IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH

Review for the Reference Paper by Prof. Yuri P. Tkachenko and Nikolai A. Gavrikov

AEROIONIZATION SYSTEM WITH MAGNETIC HYDRODYNAMIC ACTIVATION
OF PROF. YURI P. TKACHENKO FOR PREVENTIVE AND MEDICAL PURPOSES

Deterioration of ecological situation in large cities and even in small towns is acquiring menacing scale but measures of fighting the atmosphere pollution are mostly only appeals and projects for a distant future.
In this regard hydroaeroionization of the atmosphere is a promising and quite real step.
A very important role of ionization in climate formation and creation of favorable ecological situation was stated by scientists from many countries. A thorough study of the air ionization with regard to months and seasons of the year was conducted in Sochi, Russia. A distinct dependence of the air ionization on fronts' passing during weather changes was found out. Decrease of organism resistance to diseases and decrease in number of hypertension fits cases was observed at high unipolarity coefficient. The above circumstances are scientific facts proving necessity to create artificial hydroaeroionizators suggested by Prof. Tkachenko not only in resort areas but, especially, in cities with low ecological data.
As multiple studies in Russia and abroad showed, after hydrodynamic activation water acquires special medicinal properties, which are provided by magnetized hydroaeroions emitted by hydroaeroionizators.
According to prescription, during spring-summer and summer-autumn months (depending upon latitude, grade of isolation and intensity of the UF-radiation) hydroaeroionization can be combined with sun-baths that considerably increases curative effect.
Therefore, magnetic systems of hydroaeroionization of common use invented by Prof. Tkachenko must be widely implemented in places with polluted air and insufficient greenery.
The Reference on usage of hydroaeroinization equipment designed by Prof. Tkachenko contains a very important information for experts in melioration, agriculture, environment protection as well as doctors and patients in respect of preventive measures and are recommended for practical implementation.

FOREWORD

Atmospheric electricity is considered one of the constituents in weather forecasting. The origin of atmospheric electrical phenomena and existence of electrical field in atmosphere were described by Mikhail V. Lomonosov as long ago as in the XVIII-th century. At the beginning of the XX-th century attention of physicists as well as biologists was drawn by presence of charged particles of a special kind - aero-ions - in the air. Natural negative ionization that could be observed near waterfalls, mountain rivers, at the sea-shore, post-rain air ionization provided by balloelectric effect of Lennard were of particular interest.

Natural ionization lies in the basis of designing artificial hydroaeroionizators common for resorts and in health-protection system.

Mechanism of hydroaeroions formation, rise of balloelectric effect in particular, has diverse interpretations and hypothesis that are being studied by groups of physicists, chemists and geophysicists. During last 30-40 years a substantial number of studies were devoted to medical influence of hydroaeroions and aeroions on organism of human beings and animals. Positive therapeutic effect was received in treating many diseases of respiratory organs, caridac-vascular and nervous systems. The most distinctive results were observed in resorts where unipolar negative ionization prevailed.

Works done by Magnetic Technologies LLC prove expediency of fixing artificial hydroaeroionizators not only at resorts but also in different cities for improving ecological situation and health of people. Hydroaeroionizators with magnetic hydrodynamic activation for common use, designed by Prof. Yuri P. Tkachenko, acquire special importance. Pilot project on installation of magnetic hydroaeroionizators was conducted at the embankment of the river Sochi.

Beneficial impact of magnetized water for external and internal application was confirmed by a number of scientific-research institutes, laboratories and doctors' practical experience. This was used as a basis for the present paper. Besides indications and contraindications of magnetic hydroaeroionization for treating various diseases, in the present paper there is a description of its application combined with sun-baths, which should be prescribed as per recommendations of the Sochi Scientific-Research Institute of Resorts and Physiotherapy of the Ministry of Health of Russia

The present reference in hydroaeroionization will, undoubtedly, find a wide spread in medicine and resort studies.

Prof. Nikolai A. Gavrikov
Ph. D., Medicine

SOME PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC HYDROAEROIONIZATION

Two centuries ago Traless (1786) described the phenomenon of electricity formation nearby waterfalls. One hundred years later Lennard (1892) found out that while being sprayed water drops acquired positive charge and negative ions were kept in the air. In science that phenomenon was called balloelectric effect.

While performing, hydroaeroionization, both types of ions get formed: atmospheric ions and hydroions. It is possible to artificially reproduce hydroions with the help of a special magnetic system designed by Magnetic Technologies LLC.

From the modem scientific point of view, arising of positive and negative ions at the atmospheric air ionization can be explained by conditions at which positive ions can get formed by breaking from the neutral molecule of electron. Negative ions are formed not only by attaching of the electron, separated from the nitrogen molecule, to another neutral molecule, but also in the result of its capturing by the neutral molecule with larger ionization potential and great likeliness to electron. Such a molecule in free atmosphere, according to E.A.Chemyavsky, should be an oxygen molecule. Basics of the mechanism of arising in the air of positive ions of nitrogen and negative oxygen ions are provided in detail in the book by an Indian author S.K. Mitra (1955) and contributed by further research of various scientists.

In general modem concepts are based on ionizing effect of radioactive substances of space rays, assisting by forming of light gas ions, like ions of oxygen and nitrogen. In nature local Lennard's balloelectric effect happens at water spray in water-falls, near mountain rivers and powerful fountains.

Abundance of fountains spraying life-giving water in squares and parks has been always considered one of the most important ecological factors in large cities. Usually, as an architectural decoration, fountains were constructed not only in hot climate but in northern cities as well. Picturesque fountains and cascades of Petergof (Russia), in Naples (Italy), Versailles (France) are famous all over the world. Enjoying coolness nearby fountains, people felt surge of cheerfulness, lift of their spirits, release from nervous stress. It was noticed long ago that being near storming sea waves helps in breath deepening, acquiring general calmness, decline of high blood pressure. According to doctors, sea at storm is a "gigantic inhaler".

Attention of scientists, studying influence of sprayed water drops on organism under experimental and natural conditions, was drawn by the fact that general state of both - ill and healthy people - improved. Even the initial research of the 30ies showed that changes in the functional state of the organism could not be explained by psychological influence only though that factor played a certain role. The mechanism of hydroaeroionization action was substantially embellished by further observations.

In 1956 the First International Congress in Bioclimatology was held in Vienna where problemof aeroionization was discussed. In 1960 there was the Second Congress in London. Later problems of hydroaeroionization were studied at many congresses, conferences, symposiums held in Russia and in the other countries. Special attention in Germany, USA and other countries was paid to studies in designing aerosol generators that were widely used in hygienic purposes at various productions (Krupp's plants, mines, porcelain industry, etc.) and also in medicine.

During hydroaeroionization the air stream acting in spraying, knocks several hundreds of water molecules out of the middle of a water drop. These water molecules are negatively charged. The finest drops soar in the air transferring it additional electrical properties whilst positively charged heavy drops subside down. Thus, both positive n⁺ and negative n^- ions arise and their ratio can be characterized by the formula:

K = n⁺/n^-

given that
K - unipolarity coefficient

Ion concentration in 1 cm³ equals to the sum of positive and negative ions.

In nature value of the unipolarity coefficient usually exceeds 1. However, values of n⁺,n^- and K are not constant and are subjected to noticeable variation provided by different reasons.

Indices brought in literature can not be used in comparison as the figures were taken without considering similarity of conditions. In general we may note that the unipolarity coefficient is within a limit of 1.10 - 1.45 in large cities but it is considerably below 1, up to 0.38, near the sea and, especially, mountain rivers.

As an example we will consider observations made by Nikolay A. Gavrikov in Sochi which clearly demonstrated how significantly average values of some indices of ion composition of the air in a certain can vary during the same periods but in different years.

No less distinct variations were registered in all indices of air ionization at the Sochi seashore during different months of the same year (Table 1).

Table 1

Air Ionization at the Sochi Seashore During 1993
(Information Provided by Meteorological Station)

Observations were carried out near the sea, on a pebble shore, that was why the average unipolarity coefficient practically did not exceed 1.00 and varied within a limit from 0.71 to 0.97. The lowest figures were observed in August (0.62-0.79), September (0.71-0.76) and October (0.85-0.97).

Table 2

Difference in Air Ionization at the Resort of Sochi
During Warm and Cool Periods of the First Half of the Year (1993)

Annual average concentration of ions in Sochi equals to 598. The concentration is higher during cool half of the year than during the warm half: 665/532. Greater concentration of ions is notices at small hours of the morning and noon throughout a year (Table 2).

Significant differences in the air ionization indices ca be distinguished depending on passing various air masses. The lowest unipolarity coefficient in Sochi was registered in the air masses of temperature zones of sea origin during noon hours (Table 3).

Table 3

Ion Composition of Air in Air Masses of Different Origin During Noon Hours, Sochi, 1993
(Information of Meteorological Station)

Frontal processes also interfere into ionization contain of the air and during the period of cold frontal passing and larger ion concentration (1067) was observed than during period of warm front and occlusion (Table 4).

Table 4

Changing of Ion Air Composition in Sochi During Fronts Passing During Noon Hours, 1993

Clinical observations in Sochi found out a noticeable correlation between the frequency of coronary and cerebral vascular disturbances (fits of hypertension, cerebral thrombosis, infarct) and intensified cyclone activity and increased ionization of the atmosphere during these periods (Table 5).

Table 5

Frequency of Hypertension Fits During Fronts Passing and
Under Different Conditions of Air Ionization in Sochi

As it can be seen from Table 5, only 11% of hypertension fits were registered at the unipolarity coefficient less than 0.8, at the same time over half of the fits were observed at the unipolarity coefficient exceeding 1.3. During this time the number of claims from cardiac patients, fits of stenocardia, sleep disturbances increased.

Some oppression of immune relatively was noticed at increasing the unipolarity coefficient within the limits of 1.2-2.0 (Fig.2).

While studying the influence of air ionization on human organism, there were several possible ways found. Firstly, charges can penetrate into blood by filtration; secondly, aeroions transfer their charges to alveolar wall in lungs with further penetration of the charge into blood; thirdly, accumulation of aeroions in lung alveoli may probably induce electrical phenomena in blood. Possibility of combination of two or even three ways mentioned above can not be excluded wither. Some researchers believe that aeroions mostly affect nervous receptors of the upper respiratory tract not penetrating deep into lungs, strong influence is also exerted through skin. Importance of ions' biological influence on organism is supplemented by a no less significant role of the chemical factor that carries the charge in hydroaeroionization. It is known, that water dissociation formula simplified runs as follows: 2H20 = OH- = OH3+. Created hydroaeroions which are called ions of hydroxyl (OH-) and ions of hydroxonium (OH3+) possess both acid and alkaline properties. An acid-alkaline process takes place at inhaling: oxidation of a substance in the organism happens by breaking hydrogen ions from hydroxonium and reduction - by joining hydroxyl to the molecule of substrate.

One more additional factor can not be but mentioned - magnetic field that has not been referred to in hydroaeroionization earlier. As per Prof. Tkachenko's project, for the first time in the world three hydroaeroionizators of common use were fixed at the embankment of the Sochi river. The hydroaeroionizators sprayed municipal water that had been magnetized.

Creation of such magnetic hydroaeroion system offers wide opportunities for improving health of Sochi's residents and visitors during walking along the embankment.

There are different concepts on physics-chemical phenomena that happen in water during its magnetizing. Interest towards magnetic effects in electrochemicstry is increasing and the sphere of application of magnetic treatment of water is expanding. Usage of magnetized water in chemical and petroleum industries, thermal energetic, mining of natural resources, demineralization of drinking water, microbiology, melioration and agriculture, plants growing, animal-breeding, poultry-breeding, construction industry, production of building materials, etc. is well-known. In many spheres mentioned above a significant share of scientific works belongs to Prof. Yuri Tkachenko. And at last its worth mentioning that hydromagnetic activation of water takes a special place in medicine. Studies proved a substantial influence of magnetic field exerted on many general processes of the organism's vital activity. New biological and physical and chemical properties were found in tap water that had been magnetizing by special methods. Without going into too many technical and scientific details of experiments and observations, we can safely point out the influence of magnetic field on optical properties of water, ion hydration, electrical conductivity, ductility, chemical reactions, dissolution, coagulation, evaporation and other physical and chemical characteristics.

Medical properties of solutions magnetized by magnetic iron-stone were described as far back as in the XVIth century by a German doctor and natural scientist Philip von Gogengeim who went down in history as Paracels.

Present-day clinical observations and experimental studies proved favorable results gained from internal use of magnetized water for treating disturbances of metabolic processes (salt, lipid and others), coagulating properties of blood, decrease of immune-biological reactivity, etc.

As far as ordinary hydroaeroionization in physiotherapy is concerned, then a great number of scientific works prove noticeable changes in oxidizing-reducing processes that reflect effect of treatment on the organism as a whole - nervous, cardiac-vascular and endocrine systems, immunity. It should also be noted that hydroaeroionization exerts normalizing influence not only on certain diseases (hypertension, for instance) but on healthy people as well if there are any deviations from the norm of physiological indices because of significant physical or mental overstrain. Hydroaeroionization can produce calming and soporific effect, softens reactions in narrowing vessels; and decrease of arterial blood pressure can also be explained by a specific reflex that is provoked from the mucous of air passages.

Therefore, hydroaeroionization has been gaining very wide application in Russia and in other world countries for medicinal, preventive, hygienic and ecological purposes.

MAGNETIC AERO-SPRAY ION GENERATORS AS THE MEANS OF SOLVING ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN LARGE CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL CENTERS

Structure of the atmospheric air close to the surface in large cities and industrial centers is, in fact, a complex heterogeneous system, which includes along with basic components (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water gas, etc.) contaminating components, such as carbon monoxide, various nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, and a lot of suspended in the air hard particles (dust, soot) of different origin. It should be noted that structure of the atmospheric air changes in time and depends on natural conditions of a certain location, level of perfection of industrial gas-cleaning systems, quantity of vehicles, etc.

As an example. Fig. 3 (on the right) shows results of measuring concentration of carbon monoxide in Sofia (Bulgaria), conducted in 1990 by staff of the Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Science and Institute of Electronics of the Bulgarian Academy of Science. The picture shows fragments of changes of carbon monoxide (CO) time-wise in the center of Sofia (1), in the suburb (2) and Vitosh mountain near Sofia (3). We can clearly see both: stable and low level of pollution of the atmosphere with carbon monoxide in the green zone of the National park and significantly higher, by 100 times, level of pollution in the city center, which changes with time (vehicles' movement).

Obviously, there could be no universal technical means for purifying atmospheric air, therefore, a number of means should be used. On one side these measures should provide optimization of fuel burning at enterprises and in internal combustion engines, on the other side they should provide purification of air from suspended particles and its saturation with negative ions.

It is known, dust micro-particles present in the air are negatively charged, have insignificantly low mass, and, consequently, can not coagulate (due to electrocstatic inter-repulsion) and can not settle onto the ground surface without help of rain, i.e. suspended in the air particles should be hydrated. In other words, it is possible to remove dust particles from the air by spraying water around. However, it should be taken into account that the process of sticking of particles suspended in the air, depends on the degree of their hydration, provided that electrokinetic's potential of their surfaces is equal. Consequently, efficiency of purifying air by spraying water is defined to a large extent by the degree of moistening of dust particles' surfaces. The degree of moistening is characterized by edge angle. The smaller the angle, the higher degree of moistening. Reduction of the angle of moistening is acquired by magnetic treatment of sprayed water by the field of special configuration with certain parameters of magnetic hydrodynamics. It was proved by multiple researches in laboratories and on industrial sites. Fig.4 shows influence of tension of the magnetic field on the edge angle of moistening of micro particles, which contain silicon (Si), while ordinary technical water is being magnetized. Reduction of the angle of moistening by 6°-9°, at a certain flow rate, leads to increase of dust-catching capacity by 2.5-3 times.

Fig. 4	Fig. 5

Figure 5 depicts experimental dependence of dust-catching capacity of magnetized sprayed water on its rate (curve 1 - angle dust; curve 2 - soil dust). Considering the fact that the edge angle of moistening can be reduced by 13° (see Fig.2), it means that dust-catching capacity of magnetized sprayed water can be increased approximately by 10 times.

Let's consider another effect, which we get at spraying magnetized water.

At water spraying a great number of drops of different size forms. Specially conducted shooting showed that a falling drop acquires a pear-shape form. Process of a falling drop formation is accompanied by transition of volume-wise distributed negatively charged water particles (influenced by magnetic field) to the surface of a drop by coulomb forces of inter-repulsion. It should be mentioned that density of water particles, charged with electrons, is maximal in the "tail" part of the drop. Mini-drops with maximum negative charge and minimum mass separate from the "tail" part of the drop, while it is falling. Consequently, the basic mass of the drop becomes positively charged and it returns to the ground, capturing negatively charged dust particles, present in the air, and mini-drops, negatively charged with excessive number of electrons, ionize the air at physical interaction with air molecules, i.e. the air becomes saturated with negatively charged ions.

Therefore, by using the method of magnetizing sprayed water, two significant effects, environmentally important, are reached: the air is cleaned from dust impurities and it gets saturated with negative ions.

IMPACT OF MAGNETIC AERO-SPRAY ION GENERATORS ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Magnetized water impact on growth and yield of agricultural crops was thoroughly studied and tested in different countries of the world. Magnetic Technologies LLC. owns a lot of scientific material in this domain and it is ready to provide this information to the interested people. This chapter gives only a short list of advantages of application of magnetic air-spray ion generators at irrigating agricultural crops:

1. As a rule, the yield increases by 30-60%.
2. Vegetative period reduces by 15-20 days.
3. Amount of seeds for sowing reduces twice.
4. Amount of fertilizers reduces twice.
5. Water consumed for irrigation decreases twice.

As it can be seen, these results are indisputable fact of absolute advantages of magnetic technologies for any other existing technologies.

Magnetic Rain

MAGNETIC AIR-SPRAY ION GENERATORS AS THE MEANS OF FORMING RAIN CLOUDS

The below information is an extract from Prof. Yuri Tkachenko's thesis at the International Symposium "Sustainable Management of Salt Affected Soils in the Arid Ecosystem" held in Cairo, Egypt on September 26, 1996.

When talking about magnetic aerosol fountains it implies any systems that throw water in the air in a forced manner. Those include large and famous fountains in Geneva, Saudi Arabia and Sharjah, U.A.E. with the height of water spout beyond 100 m as well as normal fountains which can be found nearly in any town to say nothing of tiny sprays which derive from diverse irrigation water sprinklers. Therefore, millions of wee fountains turn into mighty generators that ionize the atmospheric air provided special magnetic equipment is strapped on water feed pipe.

At this point, it will be respectable to mention a few words about atmospheric water. A clear cloudless sky is truly a colossal storehouse for huge supplies of fresh water. This water is distributed over different atmospheric layers. However, the bulk of the water (even above arid desert areas) accounts for troposphere, which is at the bottom of the atmosphere next to earth.

The atmosphere draws the water chiefly from the ocean's surface. An average of 520,000km3 of water will evaporate from the planet surface annually. This volume can be put on a par with that of the Black Sea, which has an average depth of 1.2 km. It takes just one year for a hydrological cycle equal to 5.2 x 1014! to complete within the range of earth atmosphere. The moisture in the air is changed 40 times a year, i.e. once every other 9 days.

To come back to earth the atmospheric water vapour will release its potential energy. Nevertheless, before that happens the vapour condenses to liquid drops of water or transforms into minuscule ice crystals. It forms clouds, fogs and then makes rain. For the atmospheric water to do this job the following two conditions should be met. One of them is obligatory whilst the other is advisable. It is mandatory that the temperature go down to the point when the air is utterly saturated with the water vapour and it is desirable that the air have the hubs wherein the vapour is condensed to a liquid drop condition or minute ice crystals. As a rule, the earth atmosphere and, in particular, within the limits of troposphere contains sufficient dust particles of organic and inorganic nature, which will precipitate condensation.

Oddly enough, it is a mistake to preach common knowledge that the atmospheric vapours are supposedly a distillate. According to reliable scientific findings the atmospheric water conversely holds a great deal of numerous chemicals. There is also scientific evidence of the fact that magnetized water will radically alter and accelerate physical and chemical transformations.

Now we have come close to the point when we can talk about nimbus formation which involves magnetic technologies and magnetic systems. As has been mentioned before engineering spray-assisted irrigation works serve as powerful generators, which contribute to ionization of the atmospheric air. This is likely to cause dramatic changes in the electric balance of the atmospheric layers. To crown it all, such streams of ions have a magnetic basis that makes it possible to speed up coagulation (the process of tiny particles sticking together and forming clusters) by many times over in the atmospheric convection. Cloudiness that is out of the question under usual circumstances in arid climatic conditions becomes a reality once magnetic air-spray ion generators are put into operation there.

It is quite natural for us to raise a question "How does it happen?"

The answer for this question would be as follows.

It all happens because of tiny water drops, which form near waterfalls and fountains and carry a negative electrical charge. It's not by chance that the present-day medicine has set up a whole branch, which is called electrotherapy. Do people know that these tiny water drops or other particles with a negative electrical charge are the main means of this "electrotherapy"?

Fig. 1. Mini-drop with a negative charge creates electrical field around it.

Let us call these small water drops with a negative charge mini-drops (Fig. 1). It is amazing that these mini-drops are one of the major factors of cloud- and rain formation. Furthermore, we can create an extremely healthy and curative microclimate in our villa or big farm by using these mini-drops, and we can also provoke clouds and rain. These would be manmade clouds and rain, created by knowledge, human activities and God's will. Why God's will? We'll see further, that our success and intentions would very much depend on strength and direction of winds, place and area of distributing of ascending and descending air flows, and also on temperature in the lower atmosphere layers and its changes. But should it be God's will and should He send us still and quiet weather down, then we'll gain success. Using electricity and magnetic treatment, we will be able to create not only a cloud but real rain.

A question comes "How?" Before you understand, you do not want to believe! At present we can say for sure, that the simplest and at the same time the most useful method of getting drops-formation effect with negative electrical charges in cities, villas are fountains; in farms and other agricultural plots - systems of spray- irrigation. In science the phenomenon of negatively charged water drops was called ballo-electrical effect (Fig.2).

Fig. 2. Any water spraying unit is a factor for producing ballo- electrical effect.

We would like to draw our readers' attention to the point how ballo-electrical effect arises, i.e. how mini-drops around water-falls, fountains, etc. acquire a negative charge (Fig. 2).

First, we have to keep in mind that formation of negatively charged drops is a natural process and it happens any time when water is sprayed. By magnetizing water we simply intensify the process several times.

We create an enormous number of big and small drops by any spraying of water, either through fountains or through an operational spray-unit or just splashing water by hand. The whole process, which is of interest to us, happens when a drop falls down on the ground. Before we consider the process of falling of one drop, which is "guilty" of arising effect, we would mention that composition of any substance contains a certain number of electrons, omnipresent and tiniest among elementary micro-particles, carrying negative electrical charge.

Electrons do not only constitute electronic orbits of atoms of all substances, present in the Universe, but are also included into a substance as free, moving back and forth. Speed of these "walks" depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher the speed of their "back and forth" free movement. In science it is called chaotic movement. In nature the greatest number of the so-called free electrons is in metals, the least number is in substances, called electrical insulators. As per this value, water occupies a middle position.

Fig. 3. a) Form of a falling "big" drop prior to formation of a mini-drop	b) Distribution of negative charges on the surface of "big" drops prior to mini-drops tearing off

Let us get back to our hero - a drop (Fig. 3), which falls down. Specially made shootings show that a falling drop forms a pear with a tail. The thick part of this pear is pointed downwards, the narrow part with a tail is in the upper portion. As the drop falls, small droplets (let us call them droplets) tear off from the tail; size of these droplets is dozens and even hundreds times smaller than that of a big drop. This mini-droplet, torn off from the big drop, takes away a part of electrons (charge), which was on the big drop. Electrons, present in any subject, are not distributed evenly in the subject's volume. They try to distribute themselves on the subject's surface proportionally to the angle of the surface; thus, their number in acute angles and convexities will be much higher than on the surface. Their number will be especially large at the end of extremely sharp objects, i.e. a needle. Such electrons' behaviour refers to a big drop in a full extent. So, extremely large number of electrons, present in this drop, will gather on the tail of a big drop. Their number will be especially large just before the mini-droplet's tearing off, as the "tail" is very thin and sharp at this time. Thus, a mini-droplet, tearing off from the big drop, takes a significant part of the big drop's negative charge with it. Formation of a mini-droplet out of a big drop happens many times while the big drop is reaching the ground. The matter is, that a big drop, falling down, can acquire a lot of "medium" or mini-droplets, which had torn off from previous big drops. Medium drops and mini-droplets, having a less velocity of falling, will be absorbed by a big drop on their way and will give it their mass and charge. A big drop, increased in volume, will become even bigger and due to that it forms a tail and can extract a negatively charged mini-droplet. This process can recur several times.

How many times? It depends upon the height from which it falls and how many medium and small droplets it will meet on its way down to the ground. Let's get back to the source of drops, i.e. a fountain. If a fountain produces one million drops per second, it becomes clear that this million can create several million of charged mini-droplets.

A question arises at this stage "What's next? What will be the fate and life of these million and maybe even billions of mini-droplets, which have just been born?"

Let us recollect two facts from corresponding sections of physics in order to answer these questions.

First, surface of our native Earth is also negatively charged as our mini-droplet is. It's quite possible that it happens because free electrons, present in the volume of Earth, try to distribute themselves precisely on the surface of our planet. We have already mentioned that free electrons "like" to settle on the surface of subjects. It is also known that unipolar charges repulse from one another. Consequently, our mini-droplet with the same polarity like Earth's surface will repulse from it, i.e. go upwards. Although a mini-droplet has weight, inter-charge repulsing forces at the earlier stage, i.e. at the moment of mini-droplets formation, exceed the force of gravity many times and these forces push them upwards.

Secondly, let us remember a molecule's structure. It consists of one molecule of oxygen with a negative charge, placed from one side and two hydrogen atoms with a positive charge on the other side. Physicists call such system with negative and positive charges electrical dipole. This electrical dipole has its "favorite" habits. It does not "like" being alone. If there is any charge not far away ("not far away" refers to comparison to size of the electrical dipole itself), disregard of this neighbouring charge's polarity, it immediately turns to the charge and sticks to it with its opposite pole (Fig. 4). Why with an opposite pole? Because in this case poles will be unlike and, as is known, subjects, charged with unlike poles, attract each other. Water molecules turn with their positive pole to the nearest mini-drop, which has a negative charge, and stick to it (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Water molecules stick to a mini-drop with the positive poles

But, gradually, along with the mini-drop's going upward, it will be surrounded by several layers of water molecules or associations of several molecules (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Large number of water molecules stick to the mini-drop as it rises upward

Let's get back to negatively charged mini-droplets, which rise upward.

A natural question comes "Up to what height do they rise?" Increasing number of water molecules or molecule associations, containing dozens and more of single molecules, "stick" to every negatively charged mini-drop along its way up. These bodies, electrical dipoles, which have positive polarity as its side, stick to the mini- drop.

The mini-drop becomes heavier and heavier, on one side, and, on the other side, the total electrical field on its surface will get weaker and weaker. It happens because every molecule or a small molecule association, stuck to a mini-drop, decreases its negative charge by some part. Due to these causes speed of drop's moving up will decrease. The time will come, when forces of charges' repulsion of Earth's surface become equal to the force of gravity, applied to a mini-drop's weight. Then the mini-drop will stop. The height, at which mini-drops stop will almost totally depend upon the air humidity and temperature. If the air is humid and cold, they will not rise high, but they can go very high if the air is dry and hot.

Besides the aforesaid mechanism of cloud formation there is one more, which arises at any type of irrigation, and it is specially intense at spray- irrigation. It is connected with decrease of temperature in the irrigated zone. The matter is, that level of evaporation is specially high at spray-irrigation. As is known, evaporation process is connected with absorbing large amount of heat (not less than 530 cal per gram) and it consequently leads to decreasing temperature in the irrigated area.

Cold air is more dense than hot and this increase of density happens due to decrease of the air and humidity volume in the irrigated area. Such decrease of the environment volume in a certain area provokes flow of hot and dry air to the center of the zone and rising of humid air from the side parts. At some height the electrified flow will join the general flow and they will start rising together.

It should be specially noted that the described situation takes place when the weather is still. Presence of general ascending or descending air flows changes the whole process substantially, but the tendency is kept the same.

Billions of mini-drops, stopping at a certain height, occupy a certain volume, i.e. form a cloud (Fig. 6). The lower side of this cloud is more positive then the upper one, which is more negative. It happens due to the fact that redistribution of charges takes place inside such a cloud (it can be easily explained, but there is no need to concentrate our attention on this now). Residual charge of billions of mini- drops, summing up, forms a very strong electrical field; potential of this field can equal to million of volts. This field, as a single huge charge, will attract water molecules and small associations in the same way a magnet attracts iron subjects. Mechanism of processes is similar to that in mini-drops. The difference is only in scales. If an attracting action of a separate mini-drop distributes for not more than millimeters, the action of our artificially created, but charged, cloud will cover many kilometers.

Fig. 6. As the result, an electrically charged cloud forms, which attract humidity from far distances (up to 3-4 km)

Let us discuss, very briefly, the role of magnetic treatment of water in this case.

Without magnetic treatment all processes, which we considered before, will undoubtedly take place, but their intensity would be much lower. The explanation is as follows. If we do not magnetize water initially, number of charge carriers, i.e. electrons, will not be large in big drops, which fall off from the general amount of water. That is why mini-drops carry such little charges. Their charge's value will not be enough for rising up to the required height. The total electrical field, created by many billions of drops will not be sufficient for attracting moisture from far distances.

Initial magnetic treatment of water will increase mini-drops' charges many times (not less than 8-10 times) and, correspondingly, charge of the whole cloud, which we create. As a result, such cloud can rise up to the required height and create electrical field, strong enough to attract moisture from far distances.

Let us consider the following issues:

• How high should a cloud be raised?
• What should size of the cloud be?
• What electrical potential would be on the cloud's surface to enable it to create rain?

Height of the artificial cloud's positioning depends on air temperature, where mini-drops are formed. It's well-known that air temperature should not exceed 25-26°C (at the cloud's height) for the rain to start. It is also known that air temperature decreases by 5-6°C with rising by every 1000 meters. If the air temperature is 45°C in the place of spray-irrigation, which is the source of an artificial cloud, then our cloud should be raised by 4000 meters. This is an unfavourable height, as the artificial cloud scatters, when lifted so high, and loses its integrity and, consequently, it will lose its total electrical charge and the capacity of a rain cloud. As per our calculations, the most favourable height for an artificial cloud should be 1000-1500 meters. Air temperature at the day surface should not exceed 32-35°C.

MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL

Over the last three years alone Dubai and abutting areas have seen a 146% increase in rainfalls as opposed to the previous 30 years of monitoring. At the same time atmospheric precipitations have gone up by 178% in the concentration hubs where the farms have been equipped with magnetic systems. Magnetic systems were installed on a total area of 81000 km2. Average rainfall per annum before 1997 without the equipment ran to 113.1 mm. However following installation of magnetic systems (1995-1997) the amount of rain has scaled up to 238.4 mm. Thus, there has been an increase in mean yearly rainfall by 125.3 mm, i.e. by 2.1 times. The diagram below shows the spread of average annual rainfall across the areas fitted with magnetic systems designed by Magnetic Technologies LLC.

HOW MUCH IS MAGNETIC RAIN?

Magnetic Technologies L.L.C. has installed more than 300 magnetic systems on water pipes of villas and farms on a total area of 8,100 sq. km. The devices were mounted to improve qualitative properties and biological activity of the water, desalinate the soil, increase harvest yield, and reduce the vegetative period of plants.

Irrigation of agricultural crops for the above-mentioned effects will also produce a marginal result. Once a well-weighed and serious approach is displayed, it may become a free derivative for better environment and arrangements to supply water to arid regions of this country.

Scientists of Magnetic Technologies worked closely with their counterparts from Cairo University on the account of expert assessment of increased rainfalls recorded in the United Arab Emirates over 1995-1997. The evaluation process was based on official statistics provided by UAE meteorological centers. It was found that this country had seen mean annual rainfall of 113.1 mm and 238.4 mm before 1994 and during 1995-1997 respectively. Overall, the rainfall annual figures have gone up by 125.4 mm which is tantamount to additional 1,015,000,0001 of water every year.

Below follows an economic evaluation of these huge supplies of fresh water.

For the sake of comparison let us have a look at the Dubai desalination plant which produces 120,000 t of fresh water per day with annual production capacity of 44 min t. Hence it follows that at least 23 plants of the same calibre will be required to make the 1,015,000,000 t of fresh water available. It is estimated that capital expenditure to be incurred by relevant construction projects including ramified networks of utility conduits and operational expenses would have run into trillions of dollars. However, it would have been impossible at any rate to generate the said amount of fresh water supplies even if the required funds could be a reality in this country. The projected expenses would have involved the value equivalent of 14 min t of oil products for these imaginable plants per annum. This nearly equals to the level of 6-month petroleum production in this country at large. It is also important that an ecological problem be taken into account. In fact, when burned such quantities of fuel would release an extra 150,500 t of CO and 2,344,300 t of CO2 every year.

These calculations have been drawn for one year alone. Nonetheless, our systems have been operating for 3 years now and, consequently, this country has benefited in the form of3bnt of fresh water. Likewise, both economic and ecological effects are to experience a 3-fold increase as well.

Magnetic systems have been installed to cover a total area of 8,100 km2 which accounts for 1/11 of the territory occupied by the United Arab Emirates. Introduction of magnetic technologies all across the country would have created a chance to provide fresh water to arid spots and could be regarded as the most reasonable and economically beneficial for the time being. Incidentally, flora and fauna of the UAE are likely to take a drastic turn for the better in 5-10 years to come, which is a very short period. The rainfall will, at least, double or triple and will cause a drop in the average temperature. This time will see actual fresh water lakes and rivers that will give a tremendous impetus to the growth of plants and wildlife alike.

CONCLUSION

In previous chapters we studied various advantages of application of magnetic air-spray ion generators in different fields of our life.

Below you will find technical data and some variants of execution of magnetic air-spray ion generators.

We hope that our offer would enjoy wide interest at solving economic and environmental problems. Numerous installations of magnetic air-spray ion generators should become norm of life.

Choosing relief area

In the previous chapters, we were looking at possibilities of using irrigation systems, equipped with magnetic generators, as one of the factors that influence processes of formation of the atmospheric electricity balance.

Taking into a consideration that our ideas are not always sufficiently supported, we will discuss in more detail, places where magnetic generators can be installed, only when rain cloud formation can, and should become a process, which can be controlled by man.

In this case, it is essential to learn everything about winds in the chosen area, type of head winds at different heights, temperature of head winds and, most importantly, choose and exact place for installation of magnetic generators. For example, city of Al Ain, UAE is located on the foot of a mountain, Hafit. The height of this mountain is 432 m. Wind direction from 12 noon to 5 p. m. is north-east (wind blowing from Hafit mountain to Al Ain). Next to the mountains foot, is a few hot water springs with temperatures of approx. 70°C. Average temperature during spring, summer and autumn ranges from 30-45°C. In this case, installation of magnetic generators on different levels of Hafit Mountain, will considerably decrease temperature around the area by approx. 5-7°C, at each level. Considering the fact that the difference of temperatures between the top and the bottom of the mountain is 4-5°C, overall decrease in temperature will be around 15-20°C. At the same time, magnetic generators that are installed at mountain's foot, will act as evaporators-ionizators in the region of hot water springs. This will create an additional effect of "steam bath". Rising upwards, negatively charged upper part of the steam will meet a positively charged cold steam coming from magnetic generators (that are installed on the top of a mountain). This will create a strong electro- static electricity, which will create coagulation of small water drops located in the surrounding masses of the atmospheric air. This will be enough to create a process, which can be controlled, of creating rain clouds. In addition, knowing wind direction and its speed, as well as, time necessary for drop formation and collection of full cloud mass, we can accurately make a prognosis of an exact place of the rain fall, and considering this, build collecting lakes in that area.

View of the desert from the top of Hafit mountain. According to the author, after installation of magnetic generators, desert turned into a blooming garden.	Valley at the bottom of Hafit mountain with hot springs, where magnetic generators-evaporators should be installed.
Magnetic cloud over Dubai, formed in the area of action of magnetic generators.

PRACTICAL STEPS FOR CREATION OF WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS

Being armed with quite compelling figures pursuant to the previous chapters we feel confident to ascertain a necessity of large-scale efforts aimed at setting up a water accumulation network or water reservoirs in this country. It is important that the UAE enjoys a favourable geographical position. The country has rather lengthy borderline, which stretches alongside the foot of mountain ranges as well as advantageous natural relief with the terrain sloping from these mountains down to the Arabian Gulf. All those factors will make it possible to apply gravity throughout the reservoir network to feed the water to end-users.

Nature has designed big mountains to collect rainwater with subsequent overflow disposal to certain gorges. This makes it easier to collect the accumulated water by special and simple devices - locators. This rainwater will further follow to large man-made lakes (10 mln t and above) to be created with assistance of natural terrain conditions. The network of meres at the foot of mountains will serve as a foundation for a single water reservoir system. Fig. 7 presents a layout sketch for the lakes in question from the foot of mountains all the way down to the terminus - consumers and farms.

When completed this system will embody a mutually closed circuit with the water level in individual storage lakes being adjusted by automated lock chambers. The locks will subsequently fill up appropriate lakes when required.

The network of storage lakes will be composed of three diverse subsystems.
1.

Large storage lakes. Designed to maintain major water balance in low-level storage ponds.
2. Territorial distribution and storage lakes. Intended source of water for adjacent farms as well as replenishment of smaller storage ponds according to the pattern of "necklace" system. The lakeside will serve as a venue for elite clubs or private ritzy estates. Incidentally, the lakes incorporated into the "necklace" system will have running water with overflow to subsequent lower level territorial lakes down the line.

PLANTS AND WILDLIFE IN PONDS

Flora and fauna residing in lakes play a pivotal role in creation of micro-climate and naturalization of man-made lakes and canals. Towards this end, it is expedient that diversified species of agricultural crops including waterweeds should be planted along the lakeshores. The weeds such as reeds, lotuses, and water lilies will, first and foremost, contribute to a drastic reduction of evaporation from the pond's surface and will impart a natural life environment and saturate the air with oxygen. These ponds will become a stopover point for migratory birds which, consequently, makes it reasonable to have some rare fish and mollusks there that can work as original biological filters.

Such a complex approach would lay down the groundwork for breeding marketable fish: stellate sturgeon, sturgeon and white sturgeon (beluga) which produce valuable black caviar, just to name a few.

RAINWATER ON ROAD SURFACE

It is advisable that rainwater be collected across vast network of motorways and city streets, which will work as original and essential rainwater storage tanks when it rains. For cities, this should become a necessary measure as water- logged thoroughfares pose a threat to the traffic. These efforts are also likely to tackle two problems for highways out of city boundaries. It will secure traffic safety and collection of the rain water from natural ravines and ditches that stretch alongside the roads meandering deep into the outback of the United Arab Emirates.

For illustration, let us consider a separate length of road 1 km long and 10m wide. Even such a short highway section is capable of accumulating 1,000 t of good fresh water in the wake of an average rainfall of 10 mm. The stretch alone will fetch 250,000-300,000 t of water within a year.

Following some treatment, this water will become a reliable irrigation source for farms. It is noteworthy that there will be further changes in rainfall over particular areas as the project makes some headway with more storage lakes. This is to happen due to several reasons. First, the water accumulated in storage facilities and all the lakes will be subjected to magnetic treatment at an early stage. Second, newly formed farms shall be equipped with special magnetic generators that can create nimbus clouds.

ECONOMICAL EFFECTS FOR PRIVATELY-OWNED FARMS AND MUNICIPAL HOLDINGS

1. Magnetic technologies will secure the following benefits: Clear-cut growth acceleration of agricultural crops.
2. Reduction in morbidity rate of crops.
3. Yield increase by 30-60% or more depending on types of agricultural crops.
4. Besides, magnetic irrigation will have an exclusively favorable impact on human body and, by and large, positive effects on an ecological situation within city limits.

In closing, large-scale introduction of magnetic technologies should cause general changes in mean monthly temperature, a significant rise in rainfall; this means more rain for the entire country. In the final analysis, it will bring additional natural freshwater lakes and rivers into existence.

PROJECT INVESTMENTS

Calculation costs for one water reservoir of 10 min t will average 30,000,000 $ US. This involves earth moving works, construction of special systems to locate rainwater, lock chambers, observation stations to control pond condition, green beautification efforts as well as installation of magnetic systems.

Connection canals between storage lakes including earth moving, greenery and magnetic equipment are estimated at l,000,000 $US per square km. This water reservoir together with its conduit system will be in the position to supply irrigation water non-stop to 1,000 farms 2 hectares each for one year running.

Given common state water system along the line Ras Al Khaimah - Dhaid - Hatta - Al Ain with access to Abu Dhabi and commissioning of 50,000 brand-new farms there with complete maintenance of fresh water supplies, the projected expenses are expected to amount to l,700,000,000 $ US.

Mindful of the fact that total strategic